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Diabetes diet

Diet foods that normalize blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus.

A diabetes diet is not only a recommendation to improve quality of life, but a necessity. All patients must follow nutritional advice. This is necessary to minimize the risks of acute complications, as well as worsen the general condition.

A balanced diet allows you to establish metabolic processes in the body, which is extremely important when diagnosing diabetes. The disease represents a potential threat to life, as it can be accompanied by critical conditions: ketoacidosis, failure of internal organs, hypoglycemia and others. For the sake of his own health, the patient must understand not only the essence of the disease itself, but also its effect on the body. This will help you organize a rational menu, develop healthy habits and learn to take your doctor's prescriptions seriously.

Etiology and pathogenesis.

The first information about diabetes known to science dates back to the Hellenic period. Of course, the ancient Greeks had no diagnostic ability and did not know the nature of the disease. But already in those days (IV-I centuries BC) doctors tried to systematize information about symptoms and therapy.

According to the WHO, today the disease affects approximately 4% of the population and claims 3 million lives a year, a figure that exceeds the figures for AIDS.

The disease has multiple etiologies and is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms. It is based on insulin deficiency, which can be absolute or relative.

Diabetes etiology:

  • over weight;
  • injuries – physical and mental;
  • viral diseases that caused complications;
  • aggravated inheritance;
  • Autoimmune diseases.

Provoking factors include frequent and prolonged stress and poor eating habits. People who often overeat are at risk by including excessive amounts of carbohydrates and sugar in their menu.

In the pathogenesis, the main role is played by disruption of the islet apparatus of the pancreas, as a result of which insulin is produced in abnormally small quantities or is not produced at all.

Diabetes symptoms:

  • General weakness;
  • weightloss;
  • increased urine production, frequent urination;
  • slow wound healing;
  • decreased libido;
  • itching of mucous membranes;
  • deterioration of hair and nails;
  • increased appetite, constant thirst.

The disease is one of those that requires mandatory therapy. It is impossible to combat the symptoms of diabetes with home remedies. It is necessary to consult a doctor and the sooner the diagnosis is made, the more favorable the prognosis will be. In addition to the course of medication, a rational nutrition system is required.

Classification of disease and the role of nutrition.

The diet is determined by the degree of inhibition of the pancreas itself.

The disease is classified as follows:

  1. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease and a relatively rare form. It is characterized by an extremely low level of insulin production; In some cases, the patient's body does not produce this hormone at all. Patients are forced to receive injections regularly, which is why the term "insulin dependence" is also used. A diet aimed at reducing glucose levels helps to improve well-being and avoid the risk of hypoglycemia.
  2. Diabetes II occurs in 90% of cases. It often develops in overweight people with a sedentary lifestyle, who do not take care of their diet and consume many foods that increase glucose levels (flour, potatoes, sweets). The diet should be structured so that the weight gradually returns to normal. Moderate physical activity is recommended for these patients.
  3. Gestational diabetes is a disease that can develop in pregnant women, especially with severe toxicosis in the second trimester. The diet for gestational diabetes should contain a sufficient amount of dietary supplements and careful control of body weight. In most cases, after pregnancy is over, health returns to normal, but there is a risk of developing type II diabetes. To avoid this, it is advisable to follow the recommended diet after childbirth.

In 1% of cases, other types of disease develop: latent, steroid, neurogenic, renal, MODY, bronze and prediabetes. The diet for a type of diabetes included in one of these categories is determined by the treating doctor, taking into account many factors.

Types of diets for diabetes

The basis of therapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is drug treatment aimed at reducing glucose levels and restoring normal insulin levels. At the same time, doctors insist on the importance of moderate physical activity and proper nutrition.

About 80% of patients are overweight. Often, excess body weight exceeds normal levels by 15 percent or more. When weight is normalized, the general condition of patients improves noticeably: blood pressure stabilizes, the functioning of the nervous system improves, the level of chronic fatigue decreases, and well-being improves. But with such a diagnosis, extreme methods of quickly getting rid of extra pounds are strictly contraindicated, and many diets, even the most popular ones, are not suitable for patients with diabetes. You can't choose a power system based on reviews from friends or even recommendations from experts on the Internet. Experimenting with "proven" diets, such as, for example, the Kremlin or Dukan, can cause the metabolism to deteriorate even further. That is, efforts should be directed at restoring the normalization of metabolic processes.

Types of nutrition programs

  1. A protein diet aims to suppress appetite by providing the body with a large amount of protein, which stimulates the production of biologically active substances. Proteins of plant and animal origin are introduced into the diet in equal proportions. Red meat is prohibited; It is replaced by fish, lean poultry, dairy products, and protein-rich beans and grains.
  2. A low-carbohydrate diet for diabetes, based on vegetables and fruits that contain complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are prohibited and proteins are introduced in limited quantities. This nutrition system is considered strict and is used when the blood sugar level rises significantly, 3 times or more.
  3. A low-carbohydrate diet is gentler and suitable for those with type I and type II diabetes.
  4. The buckwheat diet is indicated to normalize metabolic processes and saturate the body with vitamins, macro and microelements.
  5. A preventive diet is based on replacing red meat with lean, protein-rich foods, using appropriate cooking methods and consuming fiber.
  6. The Bernstein diet is indicated for type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as for its prevention. This is not just a menu, but an integrated approach to organizing a balanced diet, which can be taught even to young children.

carbohydrate counting

The bread unit is a familiar concept to every diabetic patient. This is a conventional unit of measurement (XU), which corresponds to 10-13 g of carbohydrates and is used to calculate the calorie content of foods. The patient can take 4-6 XE per meal.

1 XE corresponds to:

  • 1 tablespoon. l. sugar or honey;
  • 150 ml of juice;
  • 130 grams of orange;
  • 60 g of banana;
  • 100 g of melon;
  • oatmeal porridge – 2, 5 tablespoons. l. raw cereals;
  • milk and fermented milk drinks – 250 ml;
  • 20 g of dried fruits.

It is also important to consider the type of food and how it is prepared. For example, some diets allow low-fat fish fillets in limited quantities, but canned fatty fish are prohibited for all patients.

Diet for type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes requires a diet that maintains blood glucose levels between 3. 5 and 5. 5 mmol/liter.

Diet principles:

  1. Fractional nutrition of the patient: 5-6 meals a day.
  2. The maximum daily calorie content is 2000 kcal.
  3. Carbohydrates at breakfast, lunch and dinner.
  4. Minimal snack at night.
  5. Fast carbohydrates are prohibited.
  6. Rejection of sugar, replacement with safe analogues (stevia, synthetic sweetener).
  7. Long-acting insulin preparations are administered before meals, and short-acting insulin preparations are administered after meals.
  8. The maximum amount of XE per meal is 8.
  9. Natural products are a priority.

Unleavened baked goods, cheese and soy milk, unsweetened green tea, dried fruit compote, fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts and cereals are allowed. Many vegetarian dishes are suitable for the diet.

Rich first courses and roasts, fatty meats and fish, smoked meats, pasta and fast food are prohibited. Alcohol, especially red wine, is strictly prohibited.

Diet for a week for insulin-dependent people with excess weight.

Day No. 1

  1. A slice of bread, porridge, soft cheese, tea.
  2. Orange, pistachio.
  3. Borscht, salad, stewed cabbage, cutlet, lavash.
  4. Rosehip, cottage cheese, fruit jelly.
  5. Steamed cauliflower, salad.
  6. A glass of milk.

Day No. 2

  1. Steamed beef, tomato, cereal bread, tea.
  2. Cheese, half a ripe pear.
  3. Chicken breast, pumpkin puree, salad.
  4. Grapefruit, kefir.
  5. Boiled fish, stewed cabbage.
  6. Cookie.

Day No. 3

  1. Lavash, coffee, cabbage rolls.
  2. Strawberries, yogurt.
  3. Solid pasta, salad, steamed fish.
  4. Orange, compote.
  5. Cottage cheese casserole.
  6. Kefir.

Day No. 4

  1. Porridge, cheese, boiled egg, tea.
  2. Toast with soft cheese, boiled turkey.
  3. Vegetable puree soup, stewed meat with vegetables, bread.
  4. Tea with cookies.
  5. Green beans with chicken breast and rose hips.
  6. Bread.

Day No. 5

  1. Cottage cheese with kefir.
  2. Pumpkin seeds, raisins.
  3. Potatoes, salad, compote.
  4. Baked pumpkin, rosehip.
  5. Salad, pancakes with rye flour.
  6. Kefir.

Day No. 6

  1. Egg, lightly salted salmon, tea.
  2. Cottage cheese, carrots.
  3. Borscht with sorrel, vegetarian cabbage rolls, lavash.
  4. Kefir, bread.
  5. Stewed eggplants with chicken fillet and fresh peas.
  6. Pretzels.

Day No. 7

  1. Porridge with ham, tea.
  2. Tuna and vegetable salad, whole wheat bread.
  3. Cabbage soup, vegetables stewed with meat, bread.
  4. Cottage cheese, prunes.
  5. Squid schnitzel, compote.
  6. Milk.

Diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus

The point is to reduce animal fats and simple carbohydrates. It is recommended to take a break of no more than 4 hours between meals. This nutrition program is called "Diet No. 9" or "Table No. 9" and is suitable not only for patients, but also for all those seeking to normalize their diet.

Everyday diet for type 2 diabetes.

Day No. 1

  1. Asparagus, quail egg omelette.
  2. Salad with walnuts, apples and boiled squid.
  3. Beet soup, baked eggplant.
  4. Avocado, cocoa.
  5. Salmon fillet with sauce.

Day No. 2

  1. Oatmeal, yogurt, apple.
  2. Smoothie.
  3. Baked meat (beef) with vegetables.
  4. Cottage cheese casserole.
  5. Vegetable salad with avocado.

Day No. 3

  1. Fried egg with cheese, tomato and herbs.
  2. Steamed vegetables with hummus.
  3. Puree vegetable soup, chicken cutlets and fresh peas.
  4. Pear and almond.
  5. Salmon with spinach, yogurt.

Day No. 4

  1. Baked apples.
  2. Toasts with green leafy vegetables and tuna.
  3. Beef fillet, vegetable salad, parmesan.
  4. Fruit sorbet.
  5. Broccoli in casserole.

Day No. 5

  1. Orange, soft cheese, cereal bread, fruit infusion.
  2. Beet salad with walnuts and butter.
  3. Steamed fish, rice, grapefruit.
  4. Berries with cream.
  5. Squid schnitzel, rosehip.

Day No. 6

  1. Carrot and curd soufflé.
  2. Baked broccoli.
  3. Lenten borscht, baked chicken fillet, green leafy vegetables, tangerine.
  4. Red fruit mousse.
  5. Fish garnished with steamed vegetables.

Day No. 7

  1. Baked apple with raisins, oats and walnuts.
  2. Vegetable and shrimp salad.
  3. Polenta, boiled fish, vegetables, kiwi.
  4. Strawberries with cream cheese.
  5. Cucumber and herb salad, tea.

Diet for gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes occurs due to disruption of the pancreas during pregnancy. The future mother must comply with the following nutritional principles:

  • Exclude flour, baked goods, store-bought sweets, semolina porridge, and any products with sugar.
  • BJU norm: 20 |30 |50%. You need to balance your diet based on these indicators.
  • Include fruits, dairy, and starchy foods in your diet.
  • Strictly observe the drinking regimen. It is necessary to consume between 1, 8 and 2 liters of drinking water per day.
  • Organize 3 main meals and 2 snacks a day.
  • Minimize coffee and tea consumption (no more than 2 cups a day).
  • Take special vitamin complexes as recommended by your doctor.
  • Introduce herbal remedies to reduce sugar into your diet: decoctions of linden flowers, cranberry leaves, lilac buds, celery root.

Low carbohydrate diets are not suitable for pregnant women. The norm of calorie consumption per day is 2000 to 2500 kcal.

Recommended menu for pregnant women with high blood glucose levels.

To control glucose levels, it is recommended to create a menu based on the following scheme.

  • Breakfast: oatmeal porridge (oats, millet, buckwheat), cereal bread, tea or dried fruit compote.
  • Second breakfast: toast with unsalted cheese, apple.
  • Lunch: porridge, vegetable salad, stew (beef or chicken).
  • Snack: cottage cheese, cookie, orange.
  • Dinner: side dish of vegetables, boiled meat, juice, cracker or pita bread.

3 hours before bedtime, you can drink a glass of yogurt or kefir. In addition to diet, it is important to take walks, warm up if possible and do simple exercises at home or with a trainer.

Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children.

Children suffer from the disease more severely than adults and the incidence of type 1 diabetes in this age group is higher: up to 80%. Children at risk (whose family members have diabetes) require careful monitoring of their health status from birth.

Diet for diabetes in children.

The rules for organizing nutrition for insulin-dependent children are even stricter than for adults. Approximate diet for a child:

  • Confectionery, sweets, baked goods and sweet soft drinks are prohibited. Sugar should be completely eliminated from the diet.
  • Fresh fruits and vegetables are allowed, but exceptions must be taken into account. A child with diabetes should not be given bananas, dates, persimmons, raisins, grapes or figs.
  • You must organize 6 meals and feed the child strictly according to the time. The deviation should not exceed 20 minutes. If it is impossible for you to eat a full meal, you should give your baby a snack of fruit, bread or toast. Insulin-dependent children should not be hungry at all.
  • Monitor your fructose consumption and use this indicator as a basis for calculating the allowable amount of sweetener.
  • A hypoglycemic attack can be stopped with a piece of dark chocolate. It is recommended that an accompanying adult carry this product with them at all times.
  • Diet is important. The daily norm is calculated by the treating endocrinologist depending on the age and body size of the child.

It is necessary to organize a correct lifestyle in general. The child must be able to move and be physically active. Constant monitoring of glucose levels and regular consultation with a doctor is also necessary.

Healthy recipes for diabetes

Diet recipes are suitable not only for the diet of a patient with diabetes, but also for anyone who wants to balance the menu, including healthy foods. The recommended dishes are prepared with simple ingredients, but have a presentable appearance and rich taste.

Vegetarian cream soup

Prepare and chop one onion, 100 g of spinach, 300 g of broccoli and 200 g of celery and zucchini. Blanch for 15 minutes in 500 ml of water and puree with a blender. Add 200 ml of milk and 100 ml of cream to the vegetable mass, bring to a boil, adjust the salt.

Vegetable salad

Chop 200 g of cabbage. Cut 2 cucumbers into halves and 2 tomatoes into slices. Mix the vegetables, add salt, season with olive oil.

Squid escalope with onion

Pass the squid fillet (400 g) through a meat grinder, add 25 g of breadcrumbs to the minced meat. Chop the leeks (50 g) and one onion and fry in a frying pan until half cooked. Finely chop the greens: spinach, dill, parsley. Mix the ingredients, knead the minced meat, form escalopes. Brush each one with egg, dip in breadcrumbs and fry for 2 minutes on each side.

Pancakes with blueberries on rye flour

Pour 2 g of stevia into a glass of boiling water and let it steep. Mix 200 g of cottage cheese, stevia tincture, 1 egg, 150 g of blueberries. Carefully add 200 g rye flour, 0. 5 tsp. soda and 2 tbsp. l. Sesame oil. Fry the pancakes in a non-stick pan on both sides.

crazy cauliflower

Boil 500 g of cauliflower inflorescences for 10 minutes, cool and chop with a blender. Add 4 tbsp. l. Rice flour, salt, let sit for 30 minutes so that the fiber dissolves. Boil and finely chop 2 eggs, add chopped green onions. Form cakes with the vegetable dough, place the egg and onion filling inside and decorate with zrazy. Dredge in rice flour and fry in a pan.

Cottage cheese and pear casserole

Mix 600 g of low-fat cottage cheese, 2 eggs and 2 tbsp. l. Rice flour, knead well. Peel and chop 600g pears: finely chop half into cubes and grate the other half. Mix the pears with the curd mass, let stand for 30 minutes. Place in a silicone mold, grease with sour cream, bake for 45 minutes at 180 degrees.

Cottage cheese and carrot soufflé

Grind 200 g of cottage cheese, add 300 g of grated carrots. Grind 50 g of walnuts, 3-4 sprigs of parsley and add to the mixture. Add 2 yolks and then 2 beaten egg whites. Pour the batter into silicone muffin cups, filling them 2/3 full. Bake for 20 minutes.

The preparation of a patient's menu must be taken responsibly. It should not only be balanced, but also varied to avoid spoilage of unhealthy foods or refusal to eat. A systematic approach will help maintain health, prevent deterioration and significantly improve the quality of life.